民政部办公厅关于印发《全国假肢行业深化管理改革，加快技术进步经验交流会纪要》的通知
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民政部办公厅关于印发《全国假肢行业深化管理改革，加快技术进步经验交流会纪要》的通知
民政部办公厅关于印发《全国假肢行业深化管理改革，加快技术进步经验交流会纪要》的通知
民政部
各省、自治区、直辖市民政厅(局)，各计划单列市民政局：
1988年8月25日至31日，我部在沈阳市召开了《全国假肢行业深化管理改革， 加快技术进步经验交流会》。这次会议明确了假肢生产单位的性质、发展方向和深化改革的措施，讨论通过了《假肢企业发展计划》(1989年—1991年)，在假肢行业发展道路上迈出了关键性的一步。现将会议
纪要印发给你们，望结合当地情况，认真贯彻执行。
附：全国假肢行业深化管理改革、加快技术进步经验交流会纪要(1988年8月31日)
1988年8月25日至31日，我部在沈阳市召开了全国假肢行业深化管理改革， 加快技术进步经验交流会。参加会议的有部分省、市民政厅(局)城福处处长、公司经理、假肢厂(站)负责同志及有关单位的代表，共127人。
会议前夕，崔乃夫部长曾就假肢行业的深化改革问题，召集有关业务部门的同志进行座谈，作了重要指示。会议期间，张德江副部长作了重要讲话，社会福利司吴忠泽副司长做了总结发言。会议以改革假肢行业体制为中心，交流了经验，提出了改革措施，讨论了假肢企业发展计划。与
会代表一致反映，通过这次会议，不仅明确了假肢生产单位的性质和发展方向，而且增强了做好假肢工作的信心。
一
会议认为，从1979年第一次全国假肢工作会议以来，假肢行业为适应新的形势，进行了一系列改革，取得了一定成绩。1987年同1979年比，企业数增加了4.9%，职工数增加了27.6%，总产值增长了169.6%，劳动生产率提高了111%。 这些成绩来之不易，它是全国广大假肢工作者努力奋斗
的结果。
我国的假肢行业，与过去相比，虽然有了较大的发展，但与形势发展和实际需要相比，与国外假肢的发展相比，还有不少差距，存在不少问题。其主要表现在：
1.行业结构不合理，厂点少。在已有的39个假肢厂中，还没有真正形成骨干企业。特别是假肢厂与装配站的结构很不合理，出现了“月亮多，星星少”的怪现象。
2.设备陈旧，人才匮乏，技术落后。有相当数量的厂，厂房简陋，设备大部分是五十年代的。只有少数产品接近或达到国际上七十年代末、八十年代初的水平。技术人员严重不足，我国国营企业技术人员占职工总数的15%，而假肢行业只占7.4%。
3.产品单一，标准化程度低，企业素质差。全国有肢残人员755万， 假肢装配率不足30%。而且现有的假肢材料原始，工艺落后，结构笨重，代偿功能差， 不论品种和数量，都与实际需要有很大差距。全国国营企业劳动生产率为16，625元/人，而假肢行业只有6，697元/人。全国企业? 司蠢?，305元， 而假肢行业人均创利只有1，243元。在经济效益和社会效益上，与全国社会福利企业相比，假肢行业已落后一大截。
二
会议认为，存在上述问题的原因，主要是体制问题。长期以来，把假肢企业限制在事业单位的管理体制内，一切由国家大包大揽，束缚了企业的手脚，没有用武之地，影响了假肢事业的发展。与会代表一致感到，时至今日，假肢行业必须勇敢地迈出关键性的一步，坚决地改革那些束缚
企业发展的旧观念、旧体制，使假肢行业摆脱落后和踏步不前的局面，迅速走上发展之路。迈出这一步总的指导思想是：简政放权，引进竞争机制，增强企业活力。
第一，要明确假肢是商品，按价值规律组织生产经营活动。过去，假肢行业在生产和经营活动中，基本上没有把假肢当成商品，而只是当成社会福利品。这样做的结果，带来很多弊端：产品不计成本，价格与价值严重背离，甚至出现亏损，生产越多，亏损越大。事实已经证明，假肢是
商品，假肢生产是商品生产。我国现在处于社会主义初级阶段，国家财力有限，不能包揽过多的社会福利，不可能把假肢作为福利品无偿或亏本地生产和供给所有需要的人，而只能按照商品生产的特点。组织假肢的生产经营活动。
第二，要明确假肢生产单位是企业。假肢生产单位从本质上讲是属于企业的范畴，而不是事业范畴，企业是其基本属性。我国现有的假肢事业体制，是五十年代从苏联那里学来的，是当时产品经济的产物。时至今日，这种体制，严重地束缚了假肢事业的发展，已明显不适应今天社会主
义商品经济的环境，已经到了非改不可的地步。因此，从现在起，必须打破原来的事业体制，按照企业的性质，全面进行各项改革。目前，已经具备企业素质的假肢厂、站，应尽快向企业转变；条件尚不具备的，应积极创造条件争取早日转变。
第三，要引进竞争机制，搞活企业。假肢企业要自强自立，企业的负责人和广大职工要树立竞争观念，增强振兴我国假肢事业的责任感和紧迫感，下决心加快企业的改革。要实行厂长负责制，落实各种形式的生产责任制，根据各厂的实际情况，可以实行招标承包，承包经营，甚至租赁
经营。要改革劳动制度和分配制度，积极推行劳动优化组合。要精减科室和非生产人员，充实一线力量，采取计件、定额包干、浮动工资、工资、奖金与产值利润挂钩等分配形式，奖勤罚懒，调动职工的积极性。第四，要加快技改步伐，开发新产品，面向全社会服务。假肢的现代化和技术
改造问题，是解决假肢落后的关键性问题。我们要继续狠抓技改，努力争取国际援助，走“引进、消化、创新的道路”，缩短我国假肢技术与国际水平的差距。为加快假肢技术改造步伐，培养、扶持重点骨干企业。部里决定从明年起三年内，每年争取1000万元专项技改贷款，从有奖募捐中
解决贴息，扶持假肢企业进行设备更新，技术改造。要不断扩大假肢产品的范围，拓宽服务领域。假肢厂要面向全社会，面向所有的消费者，努力开发新产品，以适应广大消费者的需求，更广泛地为残疾人服务。每个厂、站都要形成自己的服务项目、服务网点，逐步在全国形成假肢服务体
系。要合理进行生产布局。一是通过技术改造，逐步形成一批重点骨干企业；二是发展装配站，扩大假肢服务网点。中国残联和中国社会福利有奖募损委员会将为60个装配站的建立提供240万元的设备购置和人员培训费。 办站的形式可多种多样，或单独经营，或附设于康复机构，或作为假
肢厂的分支机构。
第五、要按商品经济的价格规律办事，理顺假肢产品价格体系。价格问题是制约假肢企业发展的重要因素之一。多年来，由于假肢价格偏低，几十年一贯制，企业无利可图，生产积极性受到挫伤。今后，要逐步理顺假肢产品的价格，使企业取得合理利润，以扩大再生产。同时要注意，
假肢产品不能追求高额利润。要按两部一局的规定，高档产品的利润率维持在30%左右，一般产品为20%左右，普及产品为20～25%。经过几年努力，要逐步形成全国假肢生产体系和市场体系， 实现“国家调控市场，市场引导企业”的要求。
第六、要加强假肢科研和人才培训。科学技术是生产力，科研是技术的先导。要改变假肢的落后面貌，非抓科研不可。目前，要按照《民政部假肢行业“七五”科技发展计划》和《“七五”期间假肢标准化工作方案》，认真抓好落实。科研要与生产、消费相结合。在近期内应突出抓好
具有现代化水平的普及假肢的科研，使科研成果及时转入生产，满足市场的需要。要开门搞科研，搞开放式，不搞封闭式。要加强横向、纵向联合，积极开展协作科研，委托科研，以多出成果，快出成果为目的。今后假肢科研成果也要商品化，实行有偿科研、有偿转让。科研也要引进竞争
机制，讲究经济效益，增强科研的活力，激发科研人员的积极性，促进假肢科研上新水平、出新成果，促进科技成果与生产相结合。
假肢行业后继乏人，已迫在眉睫。从现在起应从五个方面入手抓好人才培养。一是争取把西德援助假肢技校项目搞成功，建立一个稳定的具有较高水平的假肢专业学校。二是委托清华大学创办假肢专业，培养高层次的假肢人员。三是举办各类短期培训班。四是从大学毕生和其他行业引
进人才。五是选派一部分人员到国外进修、学习。
三
会议指出，改革假肢行业的管理体制，是假肢企业发展的基础。但有些问题的解决，还需要有关部门的积极支持。首先，假肢企业的主管部门要解放思想，转变观念，承认假肢工厂的企业地位，不能再用管理事业单位的办法领导假肢企业；要简政放权，让企业放开手脚，独立自主地进
行生产经营活动，使它们真正成为经营的主体，投资的主体，自我发展的主体。其次，各级民政部门要研究制定有关扶持保护政策，加强宣传工作，扩大影响，经常主动地向党和政府汇报反映假肢生产的情况和问题。提出保护扶持的具体措施。第三，要进一步理顺关系，疏通渠道，争取有
关部门的帮助和支持。积极创造条件，解决原材料供应、技术改造资金等问题。第四，要重视发挥假肢协会的作用。随着政府机关职能的转变，民政部门管理假肢工作的职能要逐步从微观管理转移到宏观管理，即只管假肢工作的方针政策，假肢工作重大规划的审定，产品质量的监督和指导
协会的工作。与企业直接有关的企业管理、技术进步、人才培训等工作，则应交给协会去做。
会议坚信，只要大家认真学习和贯彻党的十三大精神，大胆实践，就一定能不断创造改革的新经验，开创假肢工作的新局面。
1988年9月14日
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析金融“三乱”中的几个法律界限问题
秦德良
摘要：金融“三乱”是指乱集资、乱批设金融机构和乱办金融业务。本文从整顿查处“三乱”的原则入手分析了法律责任重合问题、金融“三乱”中的犯罪、金融“三乱”中的行政违法行为以及金融“三乱”行为主体的民事责任的具体界限问题。
关键词：金融“三乱” 法律责任重合
金融“三乱”是指乱集资、乱批设金融机构和乱办金融业务。自1998年7月以来，国务院开始部署大规模整顿和查处金融“三乱”，然而，由于“三乱”活动的形成以及其本身的复杂性，使得当前查处金融“三乱”存在法律界限不明晰的问题，即承担法律责任的主体是批准部门、主管单位或组建单位还是个人以及承担的是刑事责任，行政责任还是民事责任，本文从整顿查处“三乱”的原则入手进行简要分析。
一、整顿查处金融“三乱”的原则
金融“三乱”一定程度上是我国在20世纪八十年代初期开始的金融体制改革过程中由于金融政策偏差造成的一种特殊的金融异化现象，它绝不是西方国家那种逃避金融管制，规避金融风险的金融创新，它是在经济高速发展时期，国家金融机构无法满足日益增长的资金需求情况下，由政府号召社会办金融解决资金供求矛盾，之后又畸形发展的产物，一定程度上它还反映了我国金融改革落后于现实的矛盾。“三乱”活动很大程度上是一种政府行为。自1998年7月国务院部署整顿和查处金融“三乱”以来，由于该项工作敏感度高、政策性强，涉及面广，情况复杂，行政执法和司法的任务重，压力大，加之“三乱”活动除金融违法和犯罪以外，又往往与贪污、贿赂、诈骗、渎职等刑事犯罪相关联，因而在整顿和查处过程中必须坚持三个基本原则。
第一、依法整顿和查处。依法办事是法治国家最基本要求之一。整顿和查处“三乱”应坚持依法进行。首先应依据有关金融、经济法律、法规，如《中国人民银行法》、《商业银行法》、《证券法》、《企业债券管理条例》（1993.8.27），尤其应依照《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》（以下简称《取缔办法》1998.7.13），《整顿乱集资乱批设金融机构和乱办金融业务实施方案》（以下简称《实施方案》1998.7.29）、《金融违法行为处罚办法》（1999.2.22），党中央、国务院《关于深入金融改革、整治金融秩序、防范金融风险的通知》以及国务院有关清理整顿农村合作基金会，保险中介市场等的有关方案；其次应依照《行政处罚法》、《民法通则》、《国家公务员暂行条例》；最后应依照《刑法》、单行刑法以及有关刑事法律的司法解释，如《最高人民法院关于审理诈骗案件具体应用法律的若干问题的解释》（1996.12.16），《最高人民法院关于审理单位犯罪案件具体应用法律有关问题的解释》（1999.6.25）《最高人民法院关于农村合作基金会从业人员犯罪如何定性问题的批复》（00.5.12）等。
第二，谁主管，谁整顿；谁批准，谁负责；谁用钱，谁还债；谁担保，谁负相应责任。《取缔办法》中针对中国人民银行宣布取缔的非法金融机构，提出了“谁批准，谁主管，谁组建，谁负责债权债务的清理清退，没有批准部门、主管单位或组建单位的，由所在地的地方人民政府负责组织清理清退债权债务”的原则，对中国人民银行宣布取缔的非法金融业务，提出了“谁从事，谁负责清理清退债权债务”原则。《实施方案》将这一原则进一步具体化，明确提出对各级地方政府以及国务院直属部门所批准或主管的各类涉足金融业务的非金融机构进行整顿。“谁主管，谁整顿”，主管单位应根据有关法律、法规、规章进行清理整顿；“谁批准，谁负责”，主要是由批准单位负责债权债务的清理清退；“谁用钱，谁还债”“谁担保，谁负相应责任”主要指借款人、担保人应承担偿还债务义务。《取缔办法》着眼于追究“三乱”行为主体的法律责任，重在查处；《实施方案》则根据实际情况着眼于整顿，如此规定，主要考虑到“三乱”行为一定程度上是政府行为，如中央号召各级地方政府、部门批准成立的各类基金会，资金服务部等，这些非金融机构大多从事金融业务，因而坚持先清理整顿，对继续从事非法金融业务的再追究其法律责任，当然对于这类机构中从业人员的贪污、侵占、渎职违法犯罪行为理应追究其法律责任。对于未经任何单位、部门批准而擅自设立非法金融机构和从事非法金融业务的行为主体应坚决追究其法律责任。因而清理整顿的过程同时也是查处违法犯罪的过程。
第三，既要彻底解决问题，又要确保社会稳定。“三乱”活动涉及资金数额巨大，范围广，影响群众多，如仅四川省农村合作基金会集资总额就高达256.9亿元，涉及3000多万群众。因而国务院统一部署整顿查处方案，要求中国人民银行加强对整顿“三乱”工作的领导、组织和协调，地方政府高度重视，积极配合，分步实施，审慎处理，既要彻底解决“三乱”问题，尤其是各地地方政府、部门、企事业单位、个人不得再从事“三乱”活动，同时又要确保社会稳定，特别是妥善解决群众个人到期债务的清偿问题，避免引起大的动荡。对清理整顿中发现和暴露的违纪、违法、犯罪行为，要彻底清查，从严惩处。
二、法律责任重合问题
金融“三乱”虽一定程度上是政府行为，但部分单位，个人利用国家金融政策的偏差，大搞违纪、违法、犯罪活动，因而在整顿、查处“三乱”过程中必须追究有关单位、个人的法律责任、纪律责任。然而涉嫌“三乱”的案件往往表现为行政违法（违反金融、经济法律、法规、规章），刑事违法，甚至民事违法的交织重合，对三者的界定不仅是法学理论而且也是行政执法和司法实践中的难题。
“法律责任是有责主体因法律义务违反之事实而应当承受的由专门国家机关依法确认并强制其承受的合理的负担”，是“法律义务，可归责性和法律负担……三位一体的复杂实体。”[1]根据违法性质和危害程度不同，法律责任分为民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任三类。司法实践中行为人所承担的法律责任往往表现单一，然而三种或两种责任重合的情况亦不鲜见。
法律责任重合是指行为人的同一行为符合两个或两个以上不同的法律责任之构成要件，依法应当承担各种不同性质的法律责任。法律责任的重合是近代法律制度区分不同法律部门的结果。[2]《民法通则》第110条规定：“对承担民事责任的公民、法人需要追究行政责任的，应当追究行政责任，构成犯罪的，对公民、法人的法定代表人应当追究刑事责任。”这就是关于法律责任重合的规定。根据法律责任重合制度，行为人不因承担了某一性质的法律责任而免除其所承担的另一种不同性质的法律责任。司法实践中的法律责任重合主要表现为民事责任与行政责任，民事责任与刑事责任，行政责任与刑事责任的重合，但亦有民事责任，行政责任，刑事责任的重合。法律责任重合情况下，其责任实现方式之所以不实行单类罚而实行数类罚，理由在于民事责任是私法责任，行政责任和刑事责任是公法责任，行为人的行为可能既侵犯了公民或法人的民事权利，同时又侵犯了国家整体法秩序和利益，根据法律的法益保护和公正原则宜实行数类罚，然而对数类罚应作限制解释，它不是绝对的数类罚，而是以一种法律责任为主，其它法律责任仅起补充辅助作用。民事责任与刑事责任重合时，追究民事责任仅限于行为人对受害人造成了实际物质损失的情况；行政责任与刑事责任重合时，由于刑事责任与行政责任种类及功能上的差异决定了在适用刑罚时还可以适用行政处罚、行政处分以补刑罚之不足，如责令停业整顿、吊销营业执照等，同时行政处罚中的罚款应转为刑罚中的罚金。至于三大责任重合时，以刑事责任为主，民事责任可在行政责任中处理，即由行政机关责令返还或赔偿损失，亦可在刑事责任中的非刑罚处置方法中处理（刑法第37条）。
司法实践中行为人的违法行为究竟是民事违法、行政违法、刑事违法主要应从行为人的行为目的、情节、数额、结果上予以区分。
金融“三乱”中的违法、犯罪行为的法律责任重合主要表现为行政责任与刑事责任的重合，当然还有法律责任与纪律责任的重合。明白了法律责任重合的原理及处罚原则后，对“三乱”中的违法、犯罪行为的法律责任、纪律责任的追究就有了理论依据。
三、金融“三乱”中的犯罪
“三乱”中的犯罪行为主要表现为违反金融法律、法规、规章，以欺诈、伪造以及其他方法侵犯银行管理、货币管理、票据管理、信贷管理、证券、外汇、保险管理及其它金融管理，破坏金融管理秩序，依法应受刑罚处罚的金融犯罪行为以及发生在“三乱”活动中的侵占、贪污、贿赂、挪用资金、渎职等犯罪行为。
（一） 乱集资中的犯罪
《取缔办法》第四条规定“未经依法批准，以任何名义向社会不特定对象进行的非法集资”为非法金融业务活动。非法集资即为乱集资。根据《公司法》第84条，第86条，《企业债券管理条例》第10条，第11条，《商业银行法》第24条，第28条，《证券法》第10条之规定，向社会不特定对象集资必须经有权部门的批准，有权部门指中国人民银行，证监会、国务院，部分情况下包括省政府（《公司法》第139条）。合法集资主体仅限于股份有限公司，有限责任公司或其他依法设立的具有法人资格的经济组织，且须严格按法定方式、程序、条件、期限、额度、募集对象进行。《实施方案》对此进一步地作了扩张解释，规定地方政府发行地方政府债券，企业内部针对以内部职工为特定对象的有偿集资亦属非法集资。非法集资是乱集资犯罪的温床，由此构成的犯罪主要有集资诈骗罪，擅自发行股票、债券罪、欺诈发行股票、债券罪以及非法吸收公众存款罪。
四罪均是法定犯、数额犯、结果犯，均侵犯了国家集资管理制度，破坏了国家正常金融秩序。具体而言，集资诈骗罪、非法吸收公众存款罪侵犯了国家对金融的管理制度，擅自发行股票、债券罪，欺诈发行股票、债券罪，侵犯了国家对股票、债券的管理制度，同时集资诈骗罪、欺诈发行股票、债券罪还侵犯了公私财产所有权。四罪在主观上均出于直接故意，集资诈骗罪还具有非法占有数额较大集资款的目的。这是该罪区别于其余三罪的关键，其余三罪仅仅是为了获得集资款的使用权以应用于生产经营活动。四罪在行为特征上表现为违反金融法律、法规、规章，集资诈骗罪须有诈骗和非法集资二行为特征；非法吸收公众存款罪表现为非法吸收或变相吸收公众存款；擅自发行股票、债券罪表现为违反国家证券法律、法规，未经证监会批准发行股票、债券；欺诈发行股票、债券罪表现为在招股说明书、认股书、公司股票、企业债券募集办法中隐瞒重要事实或编造重大虚假内容，发行股票、债券，不论其是否经过有权部门批准。四罪在行为结果上均要求数额较大或巨大，至于数额的确认应坚持总额说，即非法集资总额，非法吸收公众存款总额，欺诈发行、擅自发行股票、债券的面值总额。
自然人或单位均可成为四罪主体。单位构成犯罪须是体现单位整体意志，为单位整体利益并由单位主管人员或其指定的人员实施的行为。自《民法通则》第49条规定可以追究法人的法定代表人的刑事责任以来，单位的违法行为逐渐进入了刑法调控范围，但对单位主体的认定有时显得极其困难。根据《最高人民法院关于审理单位犯罪案件具体应用法律有关问题的解释》，上述四罪在以下三种情况下不以单位犯罪处理而视为自然人犯罪。一是行为人成立公司、企业的目的就是为了实施上述犯罪行为；二是成立公司、企业等单位的目的最初不是为了实施上述四类犯罪行为，但成立后，主要活动不是生产经营，而是实施上述行为；三是直接盗用公司、企业等单位名义实施上述行为，且非法所得由自然人私分。
（二） 乱批设金融机构中的犯罪
根据《中国人民银行法》第4条，《商业银行法》第11条，第146条，第157条，《保险法》第70条等之规定设立金融机构必须经中国人民银行、证监会或国务院批准，否则是非法金融机构。乱批设金融机构中的犯罪主要是擅自设立金融机构罪。
该罪是指未经国家金融主管部门批准擅自设立商业银行、证交所、期货交易所、证券公司、期货经纪公司、保险公司或其他金融机构（包括外国金融机构）行为。该罪侵犯的客体是国家对金融机构的审批制度；主观上是故意且明知其行为违反了国家金融法律、法规；客观上表现为未向国务院或国务院金融主管部门提出申请而设立，或虽已向国务院或金融主管部门提出申请，但在经审查未批准情况下设立金融机构，或虽经批准但许可证失效后，仍经营金融业务的机构。[3]金融机构擅自设立的金融分支机构亦是非法金融机构。至于已经有权部门批准但未到工商行政管理部门领取营业执照的情况下设立的金融机构不属非法金融机构，仅是金融机构成立瑕疵的问题。该罪是行为犯，只要客观上“擅自设立”的行为完成即构成既遂，而不以开始营业为既遂标志。至于将非法金融机构筹备组织的成立也视为该罪既遂，[4]我们认为不妥。《取缔办法》第三条规定“非法金融机构的筹备组织，视为非法金融机构”，这仅是行政法规定，其目的是为了对其予以取缔，刑法上对此无明确规定，立法、司法上亦无相应解释。若将非法金融机构的筹备组织成立视为既遂，那么非法金融机构正式成立又是什么犯罪形态呢？我们认为非法金融机构的筹备组织的成立仅是该罪的着手。
自然人或单位均可成为本罪主体。无权批准设立金融机构的单位擅自批准成立非法金融机构，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的，直接负责人构成滥用职权罪。
国务院
中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)
（1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行）
规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理，保证测绘成果的合理利用，提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益，更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果，是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果：
（一）天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件；
（二）航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带；
（三）各种地图（包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等）；
（四）工程测量数据和图件；
（五）其他有关地理数据；
（六）与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作，并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作，并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理，建立健全规章制度，运用现代科学技术手段，及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开（公开使用、公开出版）和未公开（内部使用、保密）的不同性质，按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密，经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后，由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密，由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定，并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案；其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果，必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的，必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁，应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准，严格进行登记、造册和监销，并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果，必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本：
（一）天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本（一式一份）；
（二）航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录（一式一份）；
（三）地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录（一式一份）；
（四）正式印制的各种地图（一式两份）；
（五）有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录（一式一份）。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准，在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果，依据本规定进行管理，其成果的所有权属分别为：
（一）外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果，均属中华人民共和国所有；
（二）外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果，应当在不违反本规定的前提下，由双方按合同规定分享；
（三）外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果，必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位，必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函，向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位，按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的，由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门，通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的，由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门，通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果，必须经过检查验收，质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后，会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的，必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准；复制保密的测绘成果，还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果，受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果，必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果，必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密，各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法，按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据（包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等），应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后，由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人，予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的，由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失，并负责补测或者重测；情节严重的，由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位，按以下规定，给予行政处罚：
（一）对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准，擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的，依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得，可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款；
（二）对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的，由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评，并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
（三）对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准，擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的，由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评，可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人，由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任：
（一）丢失保密测绘成果，或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的；
（二）未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续，擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的；
（三）测绘成果管理人员不履行职责，致使测绘成果遭受重大损失，或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的；
（四）测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的，可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内，向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议；对复议决定不服的，可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内，向人民法院起诉；当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内，直接向人民法院起诉，期满不起诉又不执行的，由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院有关部门和军队，可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.
秦德良
摘要：金融“三乱”是指乱集资、乱批设金融机构和乱办金融业务。本文从整顿查处“三乱”的原则入手分析了法律责任重合问题、金融“三乱”中的犯罪、金融“三乱”中的行政违法行为以及金融“三乱”行为主体的民事责任的具体界限问题。
关键词：金融“三乱” 法律责任重合
金融“三乱”是指乱集资、乱批设金融机构和乱办金融业务。自1998年7月以来，国务院开始部署大规模整顿和查处金融“三乱”，然而，由于“三乱”活动的形成以及其本身的复杂性，使得当前查处金融“三乱”存在法律界限不明晰的问题，即承担法律责任的主体是批准部门、主管单位或组建单位还是个人以及承担的是刑事责任，行政责任还是民事责任，本文从整顿查处“三乱”的原则入手进行简要分析。
一、整顿查处金融“三乱”的原则
金融“三乱”一定程度上是我国在20世纪八十年代初期开始的金融体制改革过程中由于金融政策偏差造成的一种特殊的金融异化现象，它绝不是西方国家那种逃避金融管制，规避金融风险的金融创新，它是在经济高速发展时期，国家金融机构无法满足日益增长的资金需求情况下，由政府号召社会办金融解决资金供求矛盾，之后又畸形发展的产物，一定程度上它还反映了我国金融改革落后于现实的矛盾。“三乱”活动很大程度上是一种政府行为。自1998年7月国务院部署整顿和查处金融“三乱”以来，由于该项工作敏感度高、政策性强，涉及面广，情况复杂，行政执法和司法的任务重，压力大，加之“三乱”活动除金融违法和犯罪以外，又往往与贪污、贿赂、诈骗、渎职等刑事犯罪相关联，因而在整顿和查处过程中必须坚持三个基本原则。
第一、依法整顿和查处。依法办事是法治国家最基本要求之一。整顿和查处“三乱”应坚持依法进行。首先应依据有关金融、经济法律、法规，如《中国人民银行法》、《商业银行法》、《证券法》、《企业债券管理条例》（1993.8.27），尤其应依照《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》（以下简称《取缔办法》1998.7.13），《整顿乱集资乱批设金融机构和乱办金融业务实施方案》（以下简称《实施方案》1998.7.29）、《金融违法行为处罚办法》（1999.2.22），党中央、国务院《关于深入金融改革、整治金融秩序、防范金融风险的通知》以及国务院有关清理整顿农村合作基金会，保险中介市场等的有关方案；其次应依照《行政处罚法》、《民法通则》、《国家公务员暂行条例》；最后应依照《刑法》、单行刑法以及有关刑事法律的司法解释，如《最高人民法院关于审理诈骗案件具体应用法律的若干问题的解释》（1996.12.16），《最高人民法院关于审理单位犯罪案件具体应用法律有关问题的解释》（1999.6.25）《最高人民法院关于农村合作基金会从业人员犯罪如何定性问题的批复》（00.5.12）等。
第二，谁主管，谁整顿；谁批准，谁负责；谁用钱，谁还债；谁担保，谁负相应责任。《取缔办法》中针对中国人民银行宣布取缔的非法金融机构，提出了“谁批准，谁主管，谁组建，谁负责债权债务的清理清退，没有批准部门、主管单位或组建单位的，由所在地的地方人民政府负责组织清理清退债权债务”的原则，对中国人民银行宣布取缔的非法金融业务，提出了“谁从事，谁负责清理清退债权债务”原则。《实施方案》将这一原则进一步具体化，明确提出对各级地方政府以及国务院直属部门所批准或主管的各类涉足金融业务的非金融机构进行整顿。“谁主管，谁整顿”，主管单位应根据有关法律、法规、规章进行清理整顿；“谁批准，谁负责”，主要是由批准单位负责债权债务的清理清退；“谁用钱，谁还债”“谁担保，谁负相应责任”主要指借款人、担保人应承担偿还债务义务。《取缔办法》着眼于追究“三乱”行为主体的法律责任，重在查处；《实施方案》则根据实际情况着眼于整顿，如此规定，主要考虑到“三乱”行为一定程度上是政府行为，如中央号召各级地方政府、部门批准成立的各类基金会，资金服务部等，这些非金融机构大多从事金融业务，因而坚持先清理整顿，对继续从事非法金融业务的再追究其法律责任，当然对于这类机构中从业人员的贪污、侵占、渎职违法犯罪行为理应追究其法律责任。对于未经任何单位、部门批准而擅自设立非法金融机构和从事非法金融业务的行为主体应坚决追究其法律责任。因而清理整顿的过程同时也是查处违法犯罪的过程。
第三，既要彻底解决问题，又要确保社会稳定。“三乱”活动涉及资金数额巨大，范围广，影响群众多，如仅四川省农村合作基金会集资总额就高达256.9亿元，涉及3000多万群众。因而国务院统一部署整顿查处方案，要求中国人民银行加强对整顿“三乱”工作的领导、组织和协调，地方政府高度重视，积极配合，分步实施，审慎处理，既要彻底解决“三乱”问题，尤其是各地地方政府、部门、企事业单位、个人不得再从事“三乱”活动，同时又要确保社会稳定，特别是妥善解决群众个人到期债务的清偿问题，避免引起大的动荡。对清理整顿中发现和暴露的违纪、违法、犯罪行为，要彻底清查，从严惩处。
二、法律责任重合问题
金融“三乱”虽一定程度上是政府行为，但部分单位，个人利用国家金融政策的偏差，大搞违纪、违法、犯罪活动，因而在整顿、查处“三乱”过程中必须追究有关单位、个人的法律责任、纪律责任。然而涉嫌“三乱”的案件往往表现为行政违法（违反金融、经济法律、法规、规章），刑事违法，甚至民事违法的交织重合，对三者的界定不仅是法学理论而且也是行政执法和司法实践中的难题。
“法律责任是有责主体因法律义务违反之事实而应当承受的由专门国家机关依法确认并强制其承受的合理的负担”，是“法律义务，可归责性和法律负担……三位一体的复杂实体。”[1]根据违法性质和危害程度不同，法律责任分为民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任三类。司法实践中行为人所承担的法律责任往往表现单一，然而三种或两种责任重合的情况亦不鲜见。
法律责任重合是指行为人的同一行为符合两个或两个以上不同的法律责任之构成要件，依法应当承担各种不同性质的法律责任。法律责任的重合是近代法律制度区分不同法律部门的结果。[2]《民法通则》第110条规定：“对承担民事责任的公民、法人需要追究行政责任的，应当追究行政责任，构成犯罪的，对公民、法人的法定代表人应当追究刑事责任。”这就是关于法律责任重合的规定。根据法律责任重合制度，行为人不因承担了某一性质的法律责任而免除其所承担的另一种不同性质的法律责任。司法实践中的法律责任重合主要表现为民事责任与行政责任，民事责任与刑事责任，行政责任与刑事责任的重合，但亦有民事责任，行政责任，刑事责任的重合。法律责任重合情况下，其责任实现方式之所以不实行单类罚而实行数类罚，理由在于民事责任是私法责任，行政责任和刑事责任是公法责任，行为人的行为可能既侵犯了公民或法人的民事权利，同时又侵犯了国家整体法秩序和利益，根据法律的法益保护和公正原则宜实行数类罚，然而对数类罚应作限制解释，它不是绝对的数类罚，而是以一种法律责任为主，其它法律责任仅起补充辅助作用。民事责任与刑事责任重合时，追究民事责任仅限于行为人对受害人造成了实际物质损失的情况；行政责任与刑事责任重合时，由于刑事责任与行政责任种类及功能上的差异决定了在适用刑罚时还可以适用行政处罚、行政处分以补刑罚之不足，如责令停业整顿、吊销营业执照等，同时行政处罚中的罚款应转为刑罚中的罚金。至于三大责任重合时，以刑事责任为主，民事责任可在行政责任中处理，即由行政机关责令返还或赔偿损失，亦可在刑事责任中的非刑罚处置方法中处理（刑法第37条）。
司法实践中行为人的违法行为究竟是民事违法、行政违法、刑事违法主要应从行为人的行为目的、情节、数额、结果上予以区分。
金融“三乱”中的违法、犯罪行为的法律责任重合主要表现为行政责任与刑事责任的重合，当然还有法律责任与纪律责任的重合。明白了法律责任重合的原理及处罚原则后，对“三乱”中的违法、犯罪行为的法律责任、纪律责任的追究就有了理论依据。
三、金融“三乱”中的犯罪
“三乱”中的犯罪行为主要表现为违反金融法律、法规、规章，以欺诈、伪造以及其他方法侵犯银行管理、货币管理、票据管理、信贷管理、证券、外汇、保险管理及其它金融管理，破坏金融管理秩序，依法应受刑罚处罚的金融犯罪行为以及发生在“三乱”活动中的侵占、贪污、贿赂、挪用资金、渎职等犯罪行为。
（一） 乱集资中的犯罪
《取缔办法》第四条规定“未经依法批准，以任何名义向社会不特定对象进行的非法集资”为非法金融业务活动。非法集资即为乱集资。根据《公司法》第84条，第86条，《企业债券管理条例》第10条，第11条，《商业银行法》第24条，第28条，《证券法》第10条之规定，向社会不特定对象集资必须经有权部门的批准，有权部门指中国人民银行，证监会、国务院，部分情况下包括省政府（《公司法》第139条）。合法集资主体仅限于股份有限公司，有限责任公司或其他依法设立的具有法人资格的经济组织，且须严格按法定方式、程序、条件、期限、额度、募集对象进行。《实施方案》对此进一步地作了扩张解释，规定地方政府发行地方政府债券，企业内部针对以内部职工为特定对象的有偿集资亦属非法集资。非法集资是乱集资犯罪的温床，由此构成的犯罪主要有集资诈骗罪，擅自发行股票、债券罪、欺诈发行股票、债券罪以及非法吸收公众存款罪。
四罪均是法定犯、数额犯、结果犯，均侵犯了国家集资管理制度，破坏了国家正常金融秩序。具体而言，集资诈骗罪、非法吸收公众存款罪侵犯了国家对金融的管理制度，擅自发行股票、债券罪，欺诈发行股票、债券罪，侵犯了国家对股票、债券的管理制度，同时集资诈骗罪、欺诈发行股票、债券罪还侵犯了公私财产所有权。四罪在主观上均出于直接故意，集资诈骗罪还具有非法占有数额较大集资款的目的。这是该罪区别于其余三罪的关键，其余三罪仅仅是为了获得集资款的使用权以应用于生产经营活动。四罪在行为特征上表现为违反金融法律、法规、规章，集资诈骗罪须有诈骗和非法集资二行为特征；非法吸收公众存款罪表现为非法吸收或变相吸收公众存款；擅自发行股票、债券罪表现为违反国家证券法律、法规，未经证监会批准发行股票、债券；欺诈发行股票、债券罪表现为在招股说明书、认股书、公司股票、企业债券募集办法中隐瞒重要事实或编造重大虚假内容，发行股票、债券，不论其是否经过有权部门批准。四罪在行为结果上均要求数额较大或巨大，至于数额的确认应坚持总额说，即非法集资总额，非法吸收公众存款总额，欺诈发行、擅自发行股票、债券的面值总额。
自然人或单位均可成为四罪主体。单位构成犯罪须是体现单位整体意志，为单位整体利益并由单位主管人员或其指定的人员实施的行为。自《民法通则》第49条规定可以追究法人的法定代表人的刑事责任以来，单位的违法行为逐渐进入了刑法调控范围，但对单位主体的认定有时显得极其困难。根据《最高人民法院关于审理单位犯罪案件具体应用法律有关问题的解释》，上述四罪在以下三种情况下不以单位犯罪处理而视为自然人犯罪。一是行为人成立公司、企业的目的就是为了实施上述犯罪行为；二是成立公司、企业等单位的目的最初不是为了实施上述四类犯罪行为，但成立后，主要活动不是生产经营，而是实施上述行为；三是直接盗用公司、企业等单位名义实施上述行为，且非法所得由自然人私分。
（二） 乱批设金融机构中的犯罪
根据《中国人民银行法》第4条，《商业银行法》第11条，第146条，第157条，《保险法》第70条等之规定设立金融机构必须经中国人民银行、证监会或国务院批准，否则是非法金融机构。乱批设金融机构中的犯罪主要是擅自设立金融机构罪。
该罪是指未经国家金融主管部门批准擅自设立商业银行、证交所、期货交易所、证券公司、期货经纪公司、保险公司或其他金融机构（包括外国金融机构）行为。该罪侵犯的客体是国家对金融机构的审批制度；主观上是故意且明知其行为违反了国家金融法律、法规；客观上表现为未向国务院或国务院金融主管部门提出申请而设立，或虽已向国务院或金融主管部门提出申请，但在经审查未批准情况下设立金融机构，或虽经批准但许可证失效后，仍经营金融业务的机构。[3]金融机构擅自设立的金融分支机构亦是非法金融机构。至于已经有权部门批准但未到工商行政管理部门领取营业执照的情况下设立的金融机构不属非法金融机构，仅是金融机构成立瑕疵的问题。该罪是行为犯，只要客观上“擅自设立”的行为完成即构成既遂，而不以开始营业为既遂标志。至于将非法金融机构筹备组织的成立也视为该罪既遂，[4]我们认为不妥。《取缔办法》第三条规定“非法金融机构的筹备组织，视为非法金融机构”，这仅是行政法规定，其目的是为了对其予以取缔，刑法上对此无明确规定，立法、司法上亦无相应解释。若将非法金融机构的筹备组织成立视为既遂，那么非法金融机构正式成立又是什么犯罪形态呢？我们认为非法金融机构的筹备组织的成立仅是该罪的着手。
自然人或单位均可成为本罪主体。无权批准设立金融机构的单位擅自批准成立非法金融机构，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的，直接负责人构成滥用职权罪。
中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)
中华人民共和国测绘成果管理规定(附英文)
（1989年3月21日中华人民共和国国务院令第32号公布 自1989年5月1日起施行）
规定
第一条 为加强对则绘成果的管理，保证测绘成果的合理利用，提高测绘工作的经济效益和社会效益，更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称测绘成果，是指在陆地、海洋和空间测绘完成的下列基础测绘成果和专业测绘成果：
（一）天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件；
（二）航空和航天遥感测绘底片、磁带；
（三）各种地图（包括地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图和其他有关的专题地图等）；
（四）工程测量数据和图件；
（五）其他有关地理数据；
（六）与测绘成果直接有关的技术资料等。
第三条 国务院测绘行政主管部门主管全国测绘成果的管理和监督工作，并负责组织全国基础测绘成果及其有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门主管本行政区域内测绘成果的管理和监督工作，并负责组织本行政区域内基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果的接收、搜集、整理、储存和提供使用。
国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市人民政府有关部门负责本部门专业测绘成果的管理工作。
军队测绘主管部门负责军事部门测绘成果的管理工作。
第四条 测绘成果应当实行科学管理，建立健全规章制度，运用现代科学技术手段，及时、准确、安全、方便地提供使用。
第五条 测绘成果应当根据公开（公开使用、公开出版）和未公开（内部使用、保密）的不同性质，按照国家有关规定进行管理。
第六条 基础测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密，经国务院测绘行政主管部门会同军队测绘主管部门商国家及军队保密主管部门决定后，由国务院测绘行政主管部门发布。
专业测绘成果保密等级的划分、调整和解密，由有关专业测绘成果管理部门确定，并报同级测绘行政主管部门备案；其密级不得低于原使用的地理底图和其他基础测绘成果的密级。
各部门、各单位使用保密测绘成果，必须按照国家保密法规进行管理。保密测绘成果确需公开使用的，必须按照国家规定进行解密处理。
保密测绘成果的销毁，应当经测绘成果使用单位的县级以上主管部门负责人批准，严格进行登记、造册和监销，并向提供该成果的管理机构备案。
第七条 国务院有关部门和地方有关部门完成的基础测绘成果以及有关专业测绘成果，必须依照规定按年度分别向国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门汇交下列成果目录或者副本：
（一）天文测量、大地测量、卫星大地测量、重力测量的数据和图件的目录及副本（一式一份）；
（二）航空、航天遥感测绘底片和磁带的目录（一式一份）；
（三）地形图、普通地图、地籍图、海图、其他重要专题地图的目录（一式一份）；
（四）正式印制的各种地图（一式两份）；
（五）有关重大工程测量的数据和图件目录（一式一份）。
第八条 外国人经中华人民共和国政府或者其授权部门批准，在中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内单独测绘或者与中华人民共和国有关部门合作测绘的成果，依据本规定进行管理，其成果的所有权属分别为：
（一）外国人或者外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境内测制的测绘成果，均属中华人民共和国所有；
（二）外国人与中华人民共和国有关部门合作在中华人民共和国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果，应当在不违反本规定的前提下，由双方按合同规定分享；
（三）外国人在中华人民共各国境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内测制的测绘成果，必须向中华人民共和国测绘行政主管部门提供全部测绘成果的副本或者复制件。
第九条 需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市的基础测绘成果的单位，必须持本省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门的公函，向该成果所在省、自治区、直辖市的测绘行政主管部门办理使用手续。
需要使用其他省、自治区、直辖市专业测绘成果的单位，按专业成果所属部门规定的办法执行。
第十条 军事部门需要使用政府部门测绘成果的，由总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门，通过国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门统一办理。
政府部门或者单位需要使用军事部门测绘成果的，由国务院测绘行政主管部门或者省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门，通过总参谋部测绘主管部门或者大军区、军兵种测绘主管部门统一办理。
第十一条 测绘行政主管部门应当对本行政区域内测制的测绘成果负责质量监督管理。
各有关部门和单位测制的测绘成果，必须经过检查验收，质量合格后方能提供使用。
第十二条 测绘成果实行有偿提供。有偿提供测绘成果的办法和收费标准由国务院测绘行政主管部门商有关测绘成果的管理部门后，会同国务院物价行政主管部门另行规定。
第十三条 测绘成果不得擅自复制、转让或者转借。确需复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的，必须经提供该测绘成果的部门批准；复制保密的测绘成果，还必须按照原密级管理。
受委托完成的测绘成果，受托单位未经委托单位同意不得复制、翻印、转让、出版。
第十四条 国务院有关部门对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果，必须报经国务院测绘行政主管部门批准。地方有关部门和单位对外提供中华人民共和国未公开的测绘成果，必须报经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府测绘行政主管部门批准。为了确保重要军事设施的安全保密，各送
审单位对外提供未公开的测绘成果的具体办法，按国务院的有关规定执行。
第十五条 中华人民共和国境内及境外属中华人民共和国管辖海域内的重要地理数据（包括位置、高程、深度、面积、长度等），应当经国务院测绘行政主管部门审核报国务院批准后，由国务院或者其授权部门发布。
第十六条 对测绘成果管理做出重大贡献或者显著成绩的单位和个人，予以表扬或者奖励。
第十七条 测绘成果质量不合格给用户造成损失的，由该测绘成果的测绘单位赔偿直接经济损失，并负责补测或者重测；情节严重的，由测绘行政主管部门处以罚款或者取消其相应的测绘资格。
第十八条 有下列行为之一的单位，按以下规定，给予行政处罚：
（一）对违反国家规定的测绘成果收费标准，擅自提价收取测绘成果费用的，依照《中华人民共和国价格管理条例》的规定没收其非法所得，可以并处相当于非法所得金额三至五倍的罚款；
（二）对发生重大测绘成果泄密事故的，由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评，并按本规定第十九条规定追究单位负责人的责任。
（三）对未经提供测绘成果的部门批准，擅自复制、转让或者转借测绘成果的，由测绘行政主管部门给予通报批评，可以并处罚款。
第十九条 有下列行为之一的个人，由其所在单位或者该单位的上级主管机关给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任：
（一）丢失保密测绘成果，或者造成测绘成果泄密事故的；
（二）未按本规定第十四条规定履行报批手续，擅自对外提供未公开的测绘成果的；
（三）测绘成果管理人员不履行职责，致使测绘成果遭受重大损失，或者擅自提供未公开的测绘成果的；
（四）测绘成果丢失或者泄密造成严重后果以及对造成测绘成果丢失或者泄密事故不查处的单位负责人。
第二十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的，可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内，向作出处罚决定部门的上级行政主管部门申请复议；对复议决定不服的，可以在接到复议决定次日起十五日内，向人民法院起诉；当事人也可以在接到处罚通知次日起十五日内，直接向人民法院起诉，期满不起诉又不执行的，由作出处罚决定的行政主管部门申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十一条 省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院有关部门和军队，可以依照本规定结合实际制定实施办法。
第二十二条 本规定由国务院测绘行政主管部门负责解释。
第二十三条 本规定自1989年5月1日起施行。
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING THE AD-
MINISTRATION OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN SURVEY AND DRAWING
(Promulgated by Decree No. 32 of the State Council of the People's
Republic of China on March 21, 1989 and effective as of May 1, 1989)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to strengthening the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing, ensuring the
rational use of achievements in survey and drawing, and increasing the
economic and social benefits of survey and drawing so as to render a
better service in socialist modernization.
Article 2
The "achievements in survey and drawing", as mentioned in these
Provisions, refer to the following achievements in basic survey and
drawing and in specialized survey and drawing that are completed on land,
at seas and oceans, and in space:
(1) the data and pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey,
geodetic survey completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational
survey;
(2) the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic tapes, that are collected
from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing survey;
(3) various kinds of maps (including topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other relevant specialized maps);
(4) the data and pictures from engineering survey;
(5) other relevant geographical data; and
(6) technical data directly related to achievements in survey and drawing.
Article 3
The competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing
under the State Council shall be in charge of the administration of and
supervision over the achievements in survey and drawing of the whole
country, and shall also be responsible for the organizational work for the
reception, collection, sorting out, storage, and provision for use, on a
nationwide scale, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the
people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be in charge of
the administration of and supervision over the achievements in survey and
drawing within their respective administrative areas, and shall also be
responsible for the organizational work for the reception, collection,
sorting out, storage, and provision for use, within their respective
administrative areas, of the achievements in basic survey and drawing and
the relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing.
The departments concerned under the State Council and the departments
concerned under the People's governments of various provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be
responsible for the administration of the achievements in specialized
survey and drawing of their respective departments. The competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces shall be responsible for the administration of the achievements in
survey and drawing in military departments.
Article 4
With respect to achievements in survey and drawing, scientific
administration shall be practised, rules and regulations be instituted and
perfected and modern scientific and technical means be employed so as to
provide the achievements for timely, accurate, safe and convenient use.
Article 5
The achievements in survey and drawing shall, in light of their different
natures-those open to the public (i.e. to be openly used, or openly
published), and those kept from the public (i.e. to be used only within
restricted departments, or kept confidential), be administered in
accordance with the relevant regulations of the State.
Article 6
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in basic survey and drawing shall be promulgated by the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the State Council after the competent authorities for the administration
of survey and drawing under the State Council and the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing in the armed
forces have jointly consulted with the competent authorities for guarding
secrets of both the State and the armed forces.
The security classification, readjustment, and declassification of
achievements in specialized survey and drawing shall be determined by the
department concerned for the administration of achievements in specialized
survey and drawing and they shall also be reported to the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing at the same level
for the record; and their classes of security shall not be lower than
those of the originally used geographical base maps and of other
achievements in basic survey and drawing.
Various departments and units must, in using classified achievements in
survey and drawing, carry out administration in accordance with the
relevant laws and regulations of the State on guarding secrets. In the
event that classified achievements in survey and drawing have to be used
openly, they must go through the process of declassification in accordance
with the relevant regulations of the State.
The destruction of classified achievements in survey and drawing shall be
approved by the person in charge of the competent authorities at or above
the county level of the user unit of the said achievements in survey and
drawing. The classified achievements in survey and drawing to be destroyed
shall be duly registered and recorded, and then destroyed under
supervision; and the destruction shall also be reported, for the record,
to the administrative department that had provided the said achievements.
Article 7
With respect to the achievements in basic survey and drawing and the
relevant achievements in specialized survey and drawing made by the
departments concerned under the State Council and by the local departments
concerned, the departments mentioned above must submit annually, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, to the competent authorities for the
administration of survey and drawing under the State Council or to the
competent authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under
the people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, a catalogue or its
duplicate listing the following achievements:
(1) a catalogue and its duplicate (one copy of each) of the data and
pictures from astronomical survey, geodetic survey, geodetic survey
completed on artificial satellites, and gravitational survey;
(2) a catalogue (one copy) of the data, recorded on negatives and magnetic
tapes, that are collected from aerial survey and airborne remote sensing
survey;
(3) a catalogue (one copy) of topographic maps, ordinary maps, land
registry maps, sea charts, and other important specialized maps;
(4) various kinds of officially printed maps (in duplicate);
(5) a catalogue (one copy) of the data and pictures collected from survey
of important engineering projects.
Article 8
The achievements - made in survey and drawing by foreigners independently
or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic
of China, within the territory of the People's Republic of China, or
outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas that are under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China, with the approval of the
government of the People's Republic of China or the approval of a
department authorized by it - shall be administered in accordance with
these Provisions. The proprietary rights of the aforesaid achievements
are stipulated as follows:
(1) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners
independently or in cooperation with the departments concerned of the
People's Republic of China within the territory of the People's Republic
of China shall all belong to the People's Republic of China;
(2) the achievements made in survey and drawing by foreigners in
cooperation with the departments concerned of the People's Republic of
China, outside the land territory of China, in the sea areas under the
jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China shall, on the premise of
not violating these Provisions, be shared between the two parties
concerned in accordance with the stipulations in the relevant contract;
(3) with respect to those achievements made in survey and drawing by
foreigners independently outside the land territory of the People's
Republic of China, in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's
Republic of China, the aforesaid foreigners must provide the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing of the People's
Republic of China with a duplicate or a reproduction of all the
achievements made in their survey and drawing.
Article 9
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in basic
survey and drawing made by other provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the said unit shall
go through the procedures for the use of the aforesaid achievements in
survey and drawing by presenting an official letter written by the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under
the Central Government where the unit is located, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the
Central Government where the achievements have been made.
Where a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
specialized survey and drawing of other provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the case shall be
handled in accordance with the procedures stipulated by the department,
under whose administration the aforesaid achievements in specialized
survey and drawing are placed.
Article 10
Where a military department has the necessity to make use of the
achievements in survey and drawing made by government departments, the
case shall be handled in a unified manner by the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the
Headquarters of the General Staff, or by the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under military region
or the services, in cooperation with the competent authorities for the
administration of achievements in survey and drawing under the people's
governments of the various provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government. Where a government
department or a unit has the necessity to make use of the achievements in
survey and drawing made by military departments, the case shall be handled
by the competent authorities for the administration of achievements in
survey and drawing under the State Council, or by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's governments of the various provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under Central Government, in
cooperation with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under the Headquarters of the General
Staff, or with the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing under military region or the services.
Article 11
The competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey
and drawing shall be responsible for the quality control and
administration of the achievements in survey and drawing made within the
boundaries of their own administrative areas. The achievements in survey
and drawing made by the various departments and units concerned must be
subject to the procedures for checking up and acceptance; and only those
which are up to the standard shall be provided for use.
Article 12
The provisions of achievements in survey and drawing shall be non-
gratuitous. The procedures and the rate of fees for the non-gratuitous
provision of achievements in survey and drawing shall be stipulated
separately, after consultation with the administrative department for the
achievements in survey and drawing in question, by the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the State Council in conjunction with the competent authorities for
the administration of commodity prices.
Article 13
Achievements in survey and drawing shall not be duplicated, transferred or
lent out without permission. Where it is truly necessary to duplicate,
transfer or lend out achievements in survey and drawing, the approval from
the department that is to provide the needed achievements in survey and
drawing must be obtained; where the classified achievements in survey and
drawing are duplicated, they must be subjected to the administration
corresponding to the original security class.
As regards achievements in survey and drawing made through entrustment by
unit, the trustee unit may not duplicate, reprint, transfer, or publish
the said achievements without the permission of the entrusting unit.
Article 14
When a department concerned under the State Council provides a foreign
party with achievements in survey and drawing of the People's Republic of
China that have not yet become open, the said department must submit the
case, for approval, to the competent authorities for the administration of
achievements in survey and drawing. When a local department or unit
concerned provides a foreign party with achievements in survey and drawing
of the People's Republic of China that have not yet become open, the said
department or unit must submit the case, for approval, to the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
under the people's government of a province, an autonomous region, or a
municipality directly under the Central Government. In order to safeguard
the security and secrets of important military installations, the specific
measures for all units which submit for examinations any achievements in
survey and drawing to be provided for the use of a foreign party and that
have not yet become open shall comply with the pertinent provisions of the
State Council.
Article 15
The important geographical data (including position, altitude, depth,
area, and length) collected in the territory of the People's Republic of
China and in the sea areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic
of China, shall be submitted, for examination and verification, to the
competent authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing under the State Council, and then to the State Council for
approval before they are published by the State Council or by its
authorized agencies.
Article 16
Units and individuals that have made great contributions to, or achieved
remarkable results in, the administration of achievements in survey and
drawing shall be commended or rewarded.
Article 17
If the inferior quality of the achievements in survey and drawing has
resulted in losses on the part of the user, the unit that has undertaken
the said survey and drawing shall compensate for the direct economic
losses mentioned above, and be responsible for conducting supplementary
survey and drawing; if the case is serious, the competent authorities for
the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall impose a
fine on the said unit or revoke its corresponding qualifications for
survey and drawing.
Article 18
Any unit that has committed one of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanctions in accordance with the following provisions:
(1) with respect to a unit which, in violation of the state provisions on
the rate of fees for the provision of achievements in survey and drawing,
has raised and collected without authorization the charges for
achievements in survey and drawing, the illegal gains of the said unit
shall be confiscated in accordance with the provisions of the Regulations
of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Prices, and a fine
equal to 3 to 5 times the said illegal gains may be imposed concurrently;
(2) with respect to a unit which has been held responsible for a major
divulgence of classified achievements in survey and drawing, the competent
authorities for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing
shall issue a circular criticizing the said unit, and the responsibilities
of the person-in-charge of the said unit shall be investigated in
accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Provisions;
(3) with respect to a unit which has duplicated, transferred, or lent out
achievements in survey and drawing without the approval from the
department that provides the said achievements, the competent authorities
for the administration of achievements in survey and drawing shall issue a
circular criticizing the said unit, and a fine may also be imposed
concurrently.
Article 19
An individual who has committed any of the following acts shall be given
administrative sanction by the unit where he/she works, or by its higher
competent authorities; if the act has constituted a crime, the criminal
responsibilities of the offender shall be investigated by judicial organs
according to law:
(1) an individual who has lost classified achievements in survey and
drawing, or who is held responsible for the divulgence of secret
achievements in survey and drawing;
(2) an individual who, in violation of the stipulation in Article 14 of
these Provisions regarding the procedures for examination and approval,
has provided without permission a foreign party with achievements in
survey and drawing that have not yet become open;
(3) the administrative personnel who have failed to carry out their duties
in safeguarding achievements in survey and drawing and caused great losses
or damage to the achievements in survey and drawing; or they have
provided, without permission, those achievements that have not yet become
open;
(4) an individual who has lost achievements in survey and drawing or
divulged secrets in this regard and caused serious consequences, and the
person-in-charge of the unit who fails to investigate and deal with such
incidents.
Article 20
If a party concerned refuses to accept the decision on administrative
sanction, he/she may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of
the notification on the administrative sanction, apply for reconsideration
to the competent administrative department at a higher level than the
department that has made the said administrative sanction; if the said
party does not accept the decision made after the reconsideration, he/she
may, within 15 days from the next day of the receipt of the
reconsideration decision, bring a suit before a people's court; the party
concerned may also directly bring a suit before a people's court within 15
days beginning from the second day of the receipt of the sanction
decision; if the party concerned neither brings a suit before the court,
nor carries out the sanction decision, the competent administrative
department that made the sanction decision shall apply to the people's
court for compulsory enforcement.
Article 21
The people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the Central Government, the departments
concerned under the State Council, and the armed forces may formulate
rules for the implementation of these Provisions in accordance with these
Provisions and in the light of their respective conditions.
Article 22
The rights to interpret these Provisions shall reside in the competent
authorities for the administration of survey and drawing under the State
Council.
Article 23
These Provisions shall go into effect on May 1, 1989.
